STL Algorithm: Land of Permutation

#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <string_view>
using namespace std;

//C++17中我们可以使用std::string_view来获取一个字符串的视图，
//字符串视图并不真正的创建或者拷贝字符串，而只是拥有一个字符串的查看功能。
void print(string_view text, vector<int> const& v = {}){
    cout << text << ": ";
    for(const auto & e : v){
        cout << e << ' ';
    }
    cout << endl;
}

void print(vector<int> const & v){
    if(is_heap(v.begin(), v.end()))
        cout << "v is a Max heap. \n";
    else if(is_heap(v.begin(), v.end(), greater<>{})){
        cout << "v is a Min heap. \n";
    } else{
        cout << "v is not a heap. \n" ;
    }
}

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
    
    cout << "Max Heap: " << endl;
    vector<int> v { 3, 2, 4 ,1 , 5, 9};
    print("initially, v" , v);
    print(v);
    
    make_heap(v.begin(), v.end());
    print("make heap, v", v);
    print(v);
    
    // move largest element to back;
    pop_heap(v.begin(), v.end());
    print("pop_heap, v", v);
    
    auto top = v.back();
    v.pop_back();
    print("former top element", {top});               
    print("after removing the former top element, v", v);
    v.push_back(99);
    push_heap (v.begin(),v.end());
    print("after push 99 to heap, v" , v);
    sort_heap(v.begin(), v.end());
    print("after sort heap, v", v);
    
    cout << "\nMin Heap: " << endl;
    vector<int> v1 { 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 9};
    print("initially, v1", v1);
    print(v1);
    
    make_heap(v1.begin(), v1.end(), greater<>{});
    print("after make_heap,v1" , v1 );
    print(v1);
    
    pop_heap(v1.begin(), v1.end(), greater<>{});
    print("after pop_heap, v1", v1);
    
    auto top1 = v1.back();
    v1.pop_back();
    print("fromer top element: ", {top1});
    print("after removing the former top element, v1", v1);
    v1.push_back(99);
    push_heap (v1.begin(),v1.end(), greater<>{});
    print("after push 99 to heap, v1" , v1);
    sort_heap(v1.begin(), v1.end(), greater<>{});
    print("after sort heap, v1", v1);
    
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <array>
#include <string_view>
using namespace std;

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
    array<int, 10> arr = {5, 7, 4, 2, 8, 6, 1, 9, 0, 3};
  	// lambda expression print
    auto print = [&arr](string_view const str){
        for(auto a : arr){
            cout << a << ' ';
        }
        cout << ": " << str << endl;
    };
    
    sort(arr.begin(), arr.end());
    print("sorted with the default operator< ");
    
    sort(arr.begin(), arr.end(), greater<>());
    print("sorted with the standard library compare function object");
    
    struct {
        bool operator()(int a, int b) const {return a< b;}
    }customLess;
    sort(arr.begin(), arr.end(), customLess);
    print("sorted with a custom function object");
    
    sort(arr.begin(), arr.end(), [](int a, int b){
        return a > b;
    });
    print("sorted with a lambda expression");
    
    return 0;
}

    array<int, 10> arr = {5, 7, 4, 2, 8, 6, 1, 9, 0, 3};
		partial_sort(arr.begin(), arr.begin() + 3, arr.end());
    print("partial sorted with the deafult comparison (operator<");
    
    partial_sort(arr.begin(), arr.begin() + 5, arr.end(), [](int a, int b) {
        return a > b;
    });
    print("partial sorted with the lambda expression >");

		array<int, 10> arr = {5, 7, 4, 2, 8, 6, 1, 9, 0, 3};    
		nth_element(arr.begin(), arr.begin() + 5, arr.end());
    print("after nth_element with the default comparison");
    cout << "the 5th big element in array is " << arr[5] << endl;
    
    nth_element(arr.begin(), arr.begin()+5, arr.end(), greater<int>());
    print("after nth_element with the greater comparison");
    cout << "the 5th little element in array is " << arr[5] << endl;

    array<int, 10> arr = {5, 7, 4, 2, 8, 6, 1, 9, 0, 3};
    auto print = [&](vector<int> &arr, string_view const str){
        for(auto a : arr){
            cout << a << ' ';
        }
        cout << ": " << str << endl;
    };
		array<int, 5> arr2 = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
    sort(arr.begin(), arr.end());
    vector<int> result(arr.size() + arr2.size());
    merge(arr.begin(), arr.end(), arr2.begin(), arr2.end(), result.begin());
    print(result, "after merged two increase array");
    
		//将 arr 和 arr1 copy 到 result 序列中，此时 result 中 arr 有序，arr2 也是有序
    auto it = copy(arr.begin(),arr.end(), result.begin());
    copy(arr2.begin(), arr2.end(), it);
    inplace_merge(result.begin(), result.begin() + arr.size(), result.end());
    print(result, "after inplaced merged two increase array");

    print("initially array.");
    partition(arr.begin(), arr.end(), [](int i)-> bool { return i & 1;});
    print("after partition if odd.");
    auto it = partition_point(arr.begin(), arr.end(), [](int i) -> bool { return i & 1;});
    cout << "partition point is " << *it << endl;

		print("initially array.");    
		rotate(arr.begin(), arr.begin() + 3, arr.end());
    print("after rotate 3 times.");
    unsigned seed = std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
    shuffle(arr.begin(), arr.end(), default_random_engine(seed));
    print("after shuffleed.");
    reverse(arr.begin(), arr.end());
    print("after reversed.");